Surgical Oncology

Colorectal cancer is a serious condition that affects the colon or rectum. It often begins with the formation of benign polyps on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps can become cancerous. Early detection through screening tests, such as colonoscopies, is crucial as it significantly improves survival rates by identifying cancer at a more treatable stage.

Treatments:

• Polypectomy: This procedure involves the removal of polyps during a colonoscopy. It is typically performed when the polyps are found to be precancerous or in the early stages of cancer. Polypectomy is minimally invasive and can prevent the progression of cancer.
• Colectomy: In this surgical procedure, part or all of the colon is removed, depending on the extent of the cancer. A partial colectomy involves removing only the cancerous section of the colon, while a total colectomy may be necessary in more advanced cases. This procedure helps to eliminate the primary source of cancer and prevent its spread.
• Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells in the colon. It is often used in conjunction with other treatments to shrink tumors before surgery or to kill remaining cancer cells post-surgery. Radiation therapy can be external, where radiation is directed from outside the body, or internal, where a radioactive source is placed near the cancer.
• Chemotherapy: This systemic treatment involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy is commonly used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread beyond the colon. It can be administered orally or intravenously and is often used in combination with other treatments to enhance effectiveness.
• Targeted Therapy: These drugs are designed to target specific mechanisms within cancer cells that promote their growth and survival. By focusing on these specific pathways, targeted therapy can effectively inhibit the progression of cancer while minimizing damage to healthy cells. This treatment is particularly useful for advanced stages of colorectal cancer where conventional treatments may not be as effective.

Prostate cancer originates in the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid. It is one of the most common types of cancer in older men. The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age, family history, and certain genetic factors. Early detection through PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) tests and digital rectal exams (DRE) can lead to better management and improved outcomes. Symptoms may include difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, and pelvic discomfort, although early-stage prostate cancer may be asymptomatic.

Treatments:

• Prostatectomy: This surgical procedure involves the removal of the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue. It is often recommended for men with localized prostate cancer. There are different types of prostatectomy, including open, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted methods. The choice of method depends on the patient’s condition and the surgeon’s expertise. For information on types of oncology surgery and to find a famous oncologist in Chennai, consult leading specialists for personalized recommendations.
• Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It can be delivered externally through external beam radiation or internally through brachytherapy (radioactive seeds implanted in the prostate). Radiation therapy is often used for localized cancer or to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery.
• Hormone Therapy: Also known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), this treatment reduces the levels of male hormones (androgens) that promote cancer growth. It can be achieved through medications or surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy). Hormone therapy is typically used for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer and may be combined with other treatments.
• Chemotherapy: This involves the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, especially those that have spread beyond the prostate. Chemotherapy is usually reserved for advanced prostate cancer that does not respond to hormone therapy. It can help relieve symptoms and prolong life.
• Cryotherapy: Also known as cryoablation, this treatment involves freezing and killing cancerous tissues using liquid nitrogen or argon gas. It is less commonly used but may be an option for localized cancer or for patients who cannot undergo surgery or radiation.

Each treatment option has its benefits and potential side effects. The choice of treatment depends on the cancer stage, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. It is essential to discuss all available options with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate course of action.

Skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma types such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, arises from the abnormal growth of skin cells. This can occur due to various factors, including excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Early detection through regular skin checks and awareness of new or changing skin lesions is crucial for effective treatment and better outcomes.

Treatments:

• Excisional Surgery: This procedure involves the surgical removal of the cancerous skin tissues along with a margin of surrounding healthy tissue to ensure complete excision. It is often used for localized skin cancers.
• Mohs Surgery: A precise surgical technique where thin layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains. This method ensures minimal removal of healthy tissue and is highly effective for skin cancers with high recurrence rates or those located in sensitive areas like the face.
• Radiation Therapy: Utilizes high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. This treatment is typically reserved for skin cancers that cannot be completely removed by surgery, for patients who cannot undergo surgery, or for those where surgery might result in significant disfigurement.
• Chemotherapy: This treatment uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. For skin cancer, chemotherapy can be topical (applied directly to the skin) or systemic (taken orally or by injection). Topical chemotherapy is often used for pre-cancerous lesions or superficial skin cancers, while systemic chemotherapy is used for more advanced cases.
• Immunotherapy: This innovative treatment boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Specific drugs, known as immune checkpoint inhibitors, help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. Immunotherapy is particularly useful for advanced melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body.

For expert care in managing skin cancer, consulting the top surgical oncologist in Chennai can provide you with advanced treatment options and personalized care plans. Regular self-examinations and dermatologist visits are essential for catching skin cancer early. Protective measures, such as using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak UV radiation times, can help reduce the risk of developing skin cancer.